Difference Between Fasb and Iasb free essay sample

Significant similitudes among FASB and IASB: Same hierarchical structure FASB and IASB are each has a place with an association that has four fundamental bodies. Likewise, the inward structure and duty task of these associations are essentially the equivalent. FASB and IASB are the standard setting leading group of the associations. Other three pieces of the associations are there to help the standard setting process, for example, choosing board individuals and manage crisis issues (Kieso, et al. , p7-9). Furthermore, the two sheets have individuals from changes enterprises including bookkeeping, fund, business and the scholarly world (Virginia Law Business Review, fall 2008, p283). Private elements Both sheets are private substances that have been doled out the job and obligation of creating and sending Accounting Standards (Virginia Law Business Review, fall 2008, p284). By private, it implies the standard setting process isn't influenced by governmental issues. Nonetheless, since the administrations are likewise depending on standard set by these private establishments, both FASB and IASB are touchy to legislative issues to differs degree. We will compose a custom paper test on Distinction Between Fasb and Iasb or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Comparative methodology of making rules Despite any inside and outside impacts, the system of drafting and distributing Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are comparable. For the most part, the procedure is as per the following: talk about whether to add new extend to plan generally dependent on proposals from speculators; plan for the undertaking; draft the norm; cast a ballot and distribute the standard once it is approved(FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board, n. d). In any case, since each board has various individuals and they are setting rules dependent on its own investor’s concern, likewise by other outer impacts, they produce particular principles. Separations among FASB and IASB: Scope of activities The ward of the IASB could be the entire universe of business and industry, incorporate EU countries and states, the last is bound for the most part to the United States and its exchange accomplices (Virginia Law Business Review, fall 2008, p303). Along these lines, the citizenship of the trustees has become a problem.The IASC Foundation has immense weight of adjusting the way of life foundation of the board part; by the by, European individuals are as yet most of the board with an extent of about half (Virginia Law Business Review, fall 2008, p307-308). This issue shows that the IASB standard setting has increasingly outside impedance. Political settings Different political settings for FASB and IASB approved them distinctive level of f reedom. In the US, the norms set by FASB are executed except if the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) meddles and forestalls it for being acknowledged. In any case, on account of IASB, guidelines set by the IASB don't pick up worth and authority except if these are passed by the European Commission (EC) (Virginia Law Business Review, fall 2008, p291). Subsidizing The FASB is presently financed through a required commitment framework, and in this way protected against money related impact. The IASB is monetarily relying upon noncompulsory commitment from monetary foundations, in this manner there is moderately colossal budgetary weight on IASB. As of late IASB has found a way to extend the wellspring of subsidizing however the level of mprovement fluctuates from nations (Virginia Law Business Review, fall 2008, p292-298). Which way to deal with help? I might want to state the FASB standard setting approach is progressively fitting considering your bookkeeping foundation. Since huge numbers of your customers are Fortune 300 organizations who might discover FASB more in concordance with their arrangement and introduction of occasional bookkeeping articulations and records. FASB is additionally in accordance with most broadly acknowledged bookkeeping standards and practices in the US. With less outer impact, more opportunity in standard setting and adequate assets, I accept the FASB standard setting process is increasingly dependable.

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay

The Human Resources Profession Map was made by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) along with Human Resources (HR) professionals. The point was to feature and clarify what HR work force need to know, do and how to convey the best expectations of information, aptitudes and conduct required for development and accomplishment inside an association. The HR Map is a significant apparatus to assist staff with distinguishing territories that should be created inside their vocation. The HR Professional Map is made for an association (little or huge) and is based around regions of expert skills to help those simply beginning their vocations just as prepared experts. The Map is organized around ten expert regions, eight practices and four groups of expert capability. It holds two expert center zones, which are ‘insights, technique and solutions’ and ‘leading HR’. These territories are basic for any laborer who needs to create abilities to the most ideal level. Right off the bat, s/he needs to comprehend the company’s values and have an exhaustive information on what the organization does. The nuts and bolts should be secured before the worker can continue inside the other preparing and improvement parts of the calling map. In the wake of finding out about bits of knowledge, methodologies and arrangements, the HR specialists ought to know about any emerging issues that could impact their work place. The information that originates from the increased social aptitudes ought to be sufficient for HR experts to have the option to think of arrangements and adjust it to new circumstances, helping a representative addition certainty and become a superior chief. Another eight expert regions that experts need to know are; administration conveyance and data; association structure; association development;â resourcing and ability arranging; learning and ability improvement; execution and prize; representative commitment and worker relations. The eight practices show what sort of traits HR specialists should execute, which are; being interested; an unequivocal scholar; talented influencer; actually valid; collective; headed to convey; having the mental fortitude to challenge and being a good example. Those territories and practices are secured by four groups of skill. Band one would be for fledglings who start their vocation and have a fundamental comprehension of the HR job and band four would be for senior experts who include the most experience inside an organization. The key region for me to concentrate on inside my organization would be representative commitment at band one of expert competency. Throughout the previous six years I have been working at the film where I have gotten the hang of everything about the company’s qualities and objectives, through beginning as a staff-part to turning into an obligation director. Worker commitment is a significant degree of pledge to any organization; a connected with representative ought to consistently have pride in what s/he accomplishes and make a solid effort to make progress. So as to have spurred and positive staff who convey extraordinary outcomes, I have to realize how to impart, tune in, train/mentor my colleagues, setting optimistic focuses through gatherings, examinations and balanced meetings. I am sent for different instructional meetings which gives me the capacity to give the best help and preparing for my staff. In the wake of watching and tuning in to my staff I have seen that ind ividuals learn in different manners and I have to embrace various strategies in instructional meetings to get the best out of them and to cause them to feel esteemed and inspired. Movement 2 Understanding Customer Needs. It happens all the time in my expert job that specific clients come to me requesting a few information, counsel or needing support. In the relatively recent past I had three clients at the same time come to me with singular issues. They were: Staff Member Emma, who needed to discover how long of occasion she earned up until this point and when might be the best an ideal opportunity to book her days off. Operational Assistant Ben, who needed me to include the new starters which wouldâ be beginning from the earliest starting point of one week from now to the framework and send a ‘new starter form’ to the Head Office HR Manager. Senior supervisor Paul, who requested that I check our regularly scheduled finance which just got sent through and should have been answered to before the finish of the working day. It is fundamental that I generally attempt to organize my undertakings as indicated by the client needs and the effect it would have on the organization. Toward the sta rting I revealed to Emma that I couldn't concentrate on her inquiry at that particular second, yet would ensure that tomorrow I would have more opportunity to talk through her vacation demands. My need was checking the regularly scheduled finance. The errand was set by my General Manager and I had distinctly till the day's end to check it. I have to have sufficient opportunity to altogether check the finance as though there are any errors I have to make a report with all the issues found and send it to the HR director to examine. Adding new staff to the framework was my subsequent need. The staff’s information didn't go live until the week after and consequently was deficient with regards to any genuine weight as far as time, and the framework we use is basic and straight-forward. All things considered, it took need over Emma on the off chance that there were botches that would later defer this significant and convenient procedure. As expressed, Emma was my last need since her question was not as squeezing as the past two. Be that as it may, I despite everything caused her to feel significant and esteemed by advising her that I would have everything prepared for the gathering the following day. Successful Communication Successful correspondence is significant in each work place. It is basic for representatives to manufacture the fitting degree of trust and comprehension, to help make solid working connections and in this way take care of any emerging issues without breaking a sweat. The three most basic approaches to impart in my organization are: Face to confront. The most productive and regular inside my job, it is utilized when I need to appoint employments to staff individuals, inside group gatherings and so on. This sort of correspondence can't be disregarded and is especially fruitful in propelling staff to carry out their responsibilities successfully. Albeit some of the time vis-à-vis can be troublesome and cause issues; when managing a troublesome circumstance it is some of the time hard to remain quiet or consistently agree. Feelings can become obvious which may cloud correspondence and further irritate an occasion. Messages. These are utilized all the time. Most contact with outer clients is through email thus we have to ensure they are constantly addressed quickly. They are simple, successfully free and a quick type of correspondence. For my inner clients I utilize an email administration for conveying rotas and other staff demands, thusly it is essential to check it every day. Lamentably, once in a while messages might be misread and individuals could feel irritated by its substance because of miscommunication. Additionally, a few messages might be lost and sent to a customer’s ‘spam’ envelope and in this way rewarded as unsent and disregarded, causing negative encounters. Input Forms. A mainstream strategy that is utilized for balanced gatherings, probation surveys and evaluations. These structures give to clients a reasonable and compact blueprint of their positive/negative conduct, and recognize, with their line director, what sort of changes should be made, making an unmistakable arrangement that could help with their turn of events. Criticism can likewise assist staff with feeling acknowledged and increment their confidence. A detriment of input structures might be the abstract idea of criticism (as anybody inside the supervisory crew can decide to give a structure without first experiencing any methodology or checks) leaving open the chance of genuine beliefs conflicting with a customer’s hard working attitude. Successful Service Delivery To have the option to meet all client needs the organization should have a successful assistance conveyance. Great working connections and cooperation ought to be critical to making a decent assistance conveyance for our clients. Regular I need to convey acceptable help on schedule. Regardless of whether it is with our outer clients by answering to their messages or calls every day or for my inner clients when composing rotas and complying with time constraints set by Management or Head Office. It is fundamental for a HR specialist to have the option to convey an assistance inside a convenient way since that will assist work with trusting with clients. Conveying a help on financial plan is basic in my work place as I need to manage it every day. I am for the most part liable for finance and, inside my organization, finance is the greatest controlling expense. Consistently we need to plan staff as indicated by expected business levels. On this, regular we need to control our estimate and act appropriately to set hours, which may incorporate sending staff home when it hushes up orâ calling more individuals in when it is occupied. Managing troublesome clients and taking care of objections isn't simple, particularly outer ones. At whatever point I need to manage one I am constantly engaged, tune in to the person’s protest, apologize for the issue and attempt to clarify why certain circumstance have occurred. I’m continually attempting to imagine their perspective and identify with them. Here and there simply clarifying things may resolve the issue in light of the fact that a client may not get something, be befuddled or essentially be fomented and needing help. I asses the circumstance and choose how best to determine it (regardless of whether with an insignificant statement of regret or free visitor passes and so forth). In the event that the client is as yet not content with the result and might want the objection to go further, I pass the circumstance onto head office to be managed all the more officially. When dealing with and settling grumbles it is essential to remain quiet, convey and know how genuine the grievance is. Here and there is alright to determine it in a casual balanced gathe ring yet in the event that it’s something genuine like Gross Misco

Understanding the Hummingbird Update

What Google’s Latest Algorithm Change Means to Businesses Consumers As usual, the most recent Google update has everyone talking. Also, little miracle. As indicated by Forbes, â€Å"The update, code-named Hummingbird, is the greatest change to the underpinnings of the world’s driving web index since mid 2010, when Google overhauled its calculation to one it called Caffeine.† Intended to match with Google’s fifteenth commemoration, the Hummingbird update comprises of a totally patched up calculation that makes Google equipped for reacting all the more viably to long, complex â€Å"conversational† search inquiries, making many inquiry the future estimation of watchwords and conventional SEO strategies. Making still more prominent concerns for search advertisers, Hummingbird follows intently behind Google’s ongoing choice to change to make sure about quest for all clients †with the two changes joining to make a one-two punch that’s causing a couple of balance issues for website admins. A New Google Search Algorithm Silently Slipped In While as of now as a result, having been step by step †and clandestinely †presented in the course of the most recent month or something like that, the most recent patch up of Google’s search equation, regardless of influencing around 90 percent of worldwide hunts, has evidently been seen by not many. However, the individuals who give nearer consideration to their query items may have just started seeing progressively significant connections showing up in their SERPs because of their most intricate hunt questions. With respect to organizations, some may conceivably have seen their pursuit traffic rise or fall since the usage of the new calculation, contingent upon their current SEO rehearses. However, regardless of which side of the pursuit condition you happen to be on, this improvement speaks to uplifting news for the individuals who aren’t attempting to game the framework. As a purchaser, you’ll be bound to find the solutions you really need as opposed to those that identify with the different strict implications of the terms utilized in your inquiry, huge numbers of which, preceding the update, would have had literally nothing to do with your real hunt objective. As a business, you should see progressively natural traffic arriving at your site that may never have wound up there through exacting watchword â€Å"relevance† alone. Examination Advice for Businesses in Light of Hummingbird What is the end result of the new Hummingbird calculation, and by what means will it influence search advertisers and the website admins who manage their sites? Maybe considerably more significantly, what would businesses be able to do to come out on the triumphant part of the arrangement in the fallout of Hummingbird? The accompanying data and recommendations should help console those site proprietors who are not depending on Gray Hat or Black Hat SEO strategies to attract undeserved traffic to their destinations: 1. As insinuated over, the new more extensive usage of the conversational inquiry that Google initially started utilizing in its Chrome program when it presented Knowledge Graph a year ago and is currently applying over the whole Web should offer fresh out of the box new chances to organizations as searchers exploit Google’s capacity to react to the general importance of their inquiries and are in this manner coordinated to significant sites they may never have in any case found. As usual, sites that contain an abundance of related phrasing sprinkled all through their substance to help their principle catchphrases will give Google considerably more to work with in parsing these conversational questions so that the correct clients discover their destinations. 2. Web optimization isn't dead. Catchphrases may never again be utilized in a remarkable same manner they were beforehand †something worth being thankful for generally since they were so regularly abused or inadequate †yet they will at present component conspicuously in search inquiries as in they will stay a fundamental piece of the language used to communicate the searcher’s expectation. As one investigator has expressed, â€Å"As long as web crawlers expect us to enter some kind of term so as to discover data, it's not possible for anyone to persuade me that catchphrases aren’t and won’t keep on being important.† 3. In spite of the thorough changes achieved by Hummingbird, one thing still hasn’t changed where Google is concerned (and never will): Publishing applicable, supportive, esteem included one of a kind substance that’s focused on individuals and not web crawlers is the most ideal approach to rank well in Google indexed lists. For whatever length of time that organizations distribute unique, excellent substance that addresses peoples’ issues and draws in believable inbound connections, they have little to stress over. As the investigation of one CBS Moneywatch author closed, â€Å"The consequence for some, organizations is that they’ll need to turn out to be less dependent on catchphrases in gathering client information and spotlight more on giving substance that is of incentive to the individuals they need to reach.† For organizations, this might be the core of the Hummingbird matter.

Group Work free essay sample

Gathering work is something that has been all in or all out in the work or school world for quite a while. There is a negative disposition about gathering work the subsequent it is doled out. Truly bunch work can really cause the presentation of the people to go down at the same time, there are additionally exceptionally constructive perspectives to gather work that numerous individuals don’t as a rule consider. In this paper, I will investigate a portion of the upsides and downsides to assemble work, take a gander at some potential answers for the issues, and I will consider a portion of the past encounters I have had in bunch work. Let’s first beginning off with the positive things that gathering work can bring to table. Since early on, kids are placed into bunch circumstances to figure out how to mingle and function with others. These gatherings assist them with creating and figure out how to fittingly collaborate on the planet when they have developed and developed. Further down the road, bunch is as yet allocated in numerous territories of a person’s life; at home, at school, and at work. A portion of the positive parts of gathering work is that is shows collaboration and correspondence. Individuals must be verbal and stubborn to complete work appropriately and on schedule. Quite often, a pioneer will develop. This individual will in general be somebody who has a definitive character. It can train somebody initiative boat abilities and association. Commonly, feelings will contrast and discussions will emerge. In this sense, it can show individuals great arranging abilities and how to safeguard a position. The most significant master to gather work is that it train basic reasoning and critical thinking. There will never be when everybody concurs. Ordinarily, individuals must trade off to get a decent and beneficial result. In this way, there are a great deal of reasons why gathering work is acceptable. That is most likely why today is still generally utilized. Let’s face it, now and then activities are simply too enormous to be handled by one individual. Would you be able to suppose one individual constructed the Eifel Tower without anyone else? It’s outlandish. Individuals needed to meet up and work adequately together to keep up the advancement and eventually finish the monstrous undertaking. In any case, not all gathering ventures are done just as the Eifel Tower. Some â€Å"crash and burn† This is the place the cons of gathering work comes in, and trust me there are a great deal of them. One of the most concerning issue is inconsistent commitments. So often you hear a gathering mate say â€Å"I consistently wind up accomplishing all the work! † It is simple for individuals to relax and let a greater amount of the work fall on the others who care to a lot to release the venture downhill. As indicated by ehowmom. com,† In numerous cases, a couple of individuals will take on more work to guarantee the whole gathering gets a passing mark, or one part wont finish his obligations by any means. Also, it very well may be hard for an instructor to know which individuals did their fair share and which didn't. In this manner, the evaluations appointed to aggregate undertakings or the people included might be unjustifiable to one or a few individuals from the gathering. † This is an extremely main motivation behind why understudies wind up having an unpleasant inclination about the gathering object. They feel as if different understudies got an evaluation that they didn't merit. Another issue with bunch work is that everybody has distinctive learning styles. A few people are discernible students, some are visual students, some are hands on leaners, and a few people basically simply work preferable all alone fairly over in a gathering. With regards to accomplishing an objective while working with others, they would improve work on the off chance that they had the option to finish it all alone. This makes the nature of the work not on a par with what they could be doing. Eventually causing the result of the venture to endure. A third issue that surfaces regularly in bunch work is character conflicts and issues with control. As I said that there are numerous individuals who decide to relax and not accomplish any work, there are additionally the individuals that need to assume total responsibility for a gathering venture. These individuals frequently makes the procedure exceptionally awful by any stretch of the imagination. These â€Å"dictators† need to control each part of the undertaking. Abbie Goldschmid wrote in â€Å"Confessions of a Control Freak†; â€Å"Control frequently changes my intentions. Rather than truly attempting to help individuals, I’m simply paying special mind to myself. My evaluations, my scholastic appearance, my venture, my control. It takes care of my conscience, causes me to feel significant. That’s pitiful †that I expect control to feel worth something. How little I should consider myself if removing an incentive from others, for this situation my colleagues, is simply the main way I can esteem. For what reason do I question my classmates’ ability? In such a case that I think they can’t get me An and I can, at that point some way or another I’m more important than they are. I like to imagine that I’m doing whatever it takes not to do that, yet on the off chance that we’re being straightforward here, that makes a great deal of sense. † She carries a generally excellent point to the table: the individuals in bunches that are the controlling individuals are basically narrow minded. They don’t trust the remainder of the gathering to invest enough exertion to make a decent extend and at last get a passing mark. They imagine that by taking control they will have the option to decide the evaluation they get. That isn't correct however. Most occasions when there is a â€Å"dictator-like† individual in the gathering, it noble motivation struggle and cause the gathering to self-destruct. It is in every case great to have pioneer in a gathering yet these individuals take it to the following outrageous. They may put other down and not let anybody in the gathering make some noise and offer their thoughts and thoughts. This causes another issue; the individuals who don’t shout out enough in gatherings. So often, individuals may have a generally excellent plan to add to the gathering however are excessively scared by the others to approach with it. They may even have a plan to totally change the task into something that it would never have been without this thought. Numerous activities fall short of their greatest potential as a result of this issue. So what can be done? There are a great deal of methods to apply to assemble work to help wipe out the cons and draw out the masters. The principal begins with the individual doling out the undertaking. They have to give clear directions. On the off chance that the gathering doesn’t have an away from of what is anticipated from them, it just leaves a major edge for struggle right off the bat in the undertaking. The following things can assist bunches with working easily together is to permit time for gatherings to gel. As indicated by The Desrie2Learn Newsletter; â€Å"A regular error is to anticipate that gatherings should deliver their aggregate work in too close a time period. Keep in mind, bunches need time to combine and work through their procedures (I. e. , framing, raging, norming, performing, what not). † Groups should have the option to get to k now each other before plunging into a major venture. They have to become familiar with one another qualities and shortcoming to capitalize on every distinct individual. In conclusion, individuals must assume liability for a lot of the undertaking. Considering everybody responsible for their particular part is a decent method to ensure that everybody contributes and everybody is associated with what is happening. Ensure there is a pioneer to stay in touch with everybody and keep everybody refreshed as things progress and new things should be finished. My involvement with bunch ventures have, generally, been extremely positive. I feel as if I attempt to join the above recommendations to cause a venture to go all the more easily. One things that I have found is that I for the most part come out being the pioneer of the gathering. I am truly adept at assuming responsibility and assigning task in a very nonthreatening way. At whatever point I start a task with a gathering, I generally attempt to set aside some effort to become acquainted with everybody and conceptualize some thought. This allow everybody in my gathering to get their underlying thoughts out on the table. From that point, we make an arrangement and get the chance to work. I attempt to check in with individuals reliably to ensure that they are keeping up on their part. I as a rule do really well in bunch extends and am exceptionally content with the result. Despite the fact that, I can see where individuals can get negative points of view toward bunch work from. So bunch work, while a to some degree terrifying undertaking, is anything but an impasse. You have to ensure that you utilize the aptitudes recorded above to help cause it to go as easily as could reasonably be expected. Do whatever it takes not to let it get to you to an extreme if everything doesn’t go your direction. On the off chance that everybody imparts and functions admirably together, an incredible final product will happen.

Issel Lim IBD Research

Issel Lim IBD Research About one million Americans have a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which causes inflammation of the digestion tract and leads to painful cramping, chronic diarrhea, and reduced appetite. As if the symptoms werent bad enough, IBD increases the risk of developing colon cancer and liver disease. Unfortunately, the cause of IBD is unknown, though researchers are focusing on hereditary and environmental risk factors. Senior Issel Lim has spent the past year trying to create an effective mouse model for ulcerative colitis, a type of IBD, through her UROP in the immunology lab of Dr. David B. Schauer. Issel explains, When combating a pathogen, the body induces an immune response that involves various chemical signals called cytokines. There are two types of immune responses, Th1 and Th2, which can be induced by different pathogens and are exhibited in certain genetically-deficient mice. Citrobacter rodentium, a bacterial pathogen that is closely related to Escherichia coli and infects the colon of mice, is the first recorded pathogen to elicit at Th1 response. Issel created a mouse model for the Th2 form of IBD by creating a Th2 response in genetically-deficient mice. She then measured the cytokine profiles and analyzed the immune response of each mouse. Now Issel wants to analyze her data further to determine whether the immune response was most significantly affected by the genetics of the mouse or the pathogen. Issel is majoring in biology and minoring in biomedical engineering and toxicology. She has also been very involved in journalism as chief editor of the MIT Undergraduate Research Journal for the past two years and member of the Journal of Young Investigators, The Tech, and Counterpoint. Issel was also a teaching assistant for 5.22J (biotechnology and engineering), taught for the Educational Studies Program, and was a tutor for 3 years. Also check out Issels recent Biotech Quarterly article!

Tradition of Criminal Justice - Free Essay Example

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Compare and Contrast the Common Law tradition of Criminal Justice with the Civil Law tradition using actual examples where possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is a general agreement that there are three major legal systems in the world; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“English Common Law, Continental Civil Law, and Religious Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (S M Shahidullah, 2012:13). Each legal system carries their own individual traditions which help explore how the systems have developed over time and it is these legal traditions that are used within society to ensure it runs smoothly and effectively as they provide all citizens with rules which they must obey by and follow. This paper will aim to compare and contrast the general features of two of the three major legal systems which are the Common Law and Civil Law traditions of Criminal Justice, incorporating actual examples. The essay hopes to initially state a general background and history of what each type of Law is; before going on to compare and contrast each component of the Civil and Common Law traditions of Criminal Justice. The components to be discussed will generate a clear structure for this essay and will be as follows; firstly, Sources of Law; secondly, The Court Systems; thirdly, Justice Actors; and finally the Criminal Process, before concluding the essay. It is onto the history of each tradition in which this essay continues. Through briefly exploring the history of Civil and Common Law traditions it aids in an understanding of the essential philosophical foundations of both traditions. The Civil Law tradition is the older of the two and it originates from the Roman Republic in the second century B.C (J G Apple, 1995:3). The name derives from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"just civileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the civil law of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In the Roman legal system the role of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"juristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" who was a person of legal experts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" aided in making à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fundamental contributions to the developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the system (J G Apple, 1995:3). This was when the Civil Law tradition began to develop, as it was this time period in which the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Twelve Tabletsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was born, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the first written law and rudimentary system of dispute resolution in Ancient Romeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (V Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:9). The next major period which saw Civil Law progress was in the 6th Century A.D, this was when the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corpus Juris Civileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was commissioned to be written by the Emperor Justinian of Constantinople. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corpus Juris Civileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ codified many different areas of the Roman law which included things such as; inheritance, property, contracts and family (V Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:9). The first contemporary European University was established in Italy during the Enlightenment Period (11th à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 15th Centuries) and it was here that students from all over Europe came to study Civil Law and took these influences back to their home countries. Unlike the Civil Law tradition, according to Dr Vivienne Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the development of Common Law has been described as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"historical accidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, arising from the conquest of England by the Normans in 1066 A.Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11). It was the Common Law tradition which introduced the idea of a jury, and this strategy was popular among the public as the jury was made up of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mostly illiterate peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11) which it still is today in modern Common Law systems. The main idea of the jury was to represent interests of everyday people and to decide the fate of a person being prosecuted after hearing all the information. In 1701 an independent judiciary arose fro m the Act of Settlement and shortly after this a well-known legal academic, Blackstone, published his Observations of the Laws of England, and this helped to develop the America Law (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11). After this the Common Law impact spread world-wide to many countries from Australia to South Africa (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11). One of the most commonly known differences between the Civil Law tradition and the Common Law Tradition is the source of law for each. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"source of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is understood to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the authority from which the laws derive their forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Legal-dictionary). Historically, the distinguishing difference between the two traditions is that the Civil Law source is from codified law whereas, on the other hand, the Common Law source is simply judge-made case law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" although in recent developments there has been evidence where Civil Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“incorporates developments of case-lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dainow, 1966:427) and Common Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“includes legislative encroachmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Dainow, 1966:427). In Civil Law countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Parliamentary legislation is the principal source of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11) and this legislation is made up of separate statues, codes and ancillary legislation. The book which contains all Civil codes is what holds the different laws which control the relationships between people. Usually the book of Civil codes encompasses the following topics; obligations and contracts, persons and the family, successions and donations, civil responsibility, things and ownership, lease, sale, matrimonial property regimes and acquisitive prescription (adverse possession) and special contracts, as well as liberative prescription (statute and limitations) (Dainow, 1966: 424). According to Dainow 1966, a code is a body of general principles which are cautiously arranged and carefully integrated rather than special rules for certain situations (Dainow, 1966:424). It would be these codes or legislation that the judge would use to decide the outcome of each separate case and would not use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“another case for guidance even if the facts were identicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:12). This was done because it was understood that the codes contained all the relevant information in order to decide a Civil Law case, and also believed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the legislature makes the law, not the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:12). When looking at the source of law for Common Law countries, the picture is very different. Civil Law was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“developed top-down by legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:13) whereas Common Law was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“developed historically on a case-by-case basis from the bottom-upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:13). Historically Co mmon Law focused on resolving differences at hand instead of producing legal principles. In Common Law, when a court would decide the outcome of a particular case à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“its decision was not only the law for those parties, but had to be followed in future cases of the same sortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dainow, 1966:424). Of course there would be times when new problems would arise and these problems would bring new cases which in result developed the rules of Common Law, and therefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“judicial decisions were both the source and the proof of the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dainow, 1966:425). With the development of Common Law brought the conception of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Precedentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and a system named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Stare Decisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which ensured the whole system was kept consistent, fair and definite. Overall, in contrast to Civil Law, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“where judges are tasked with applying the law only, Common Law judges were tasked with making the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:14). Both the Civil Law and Common Law traditions are similar in the fact they both desire to find the truth, however, the way in which both court systems are set up to achieve this are different. The main difference within the Court Systems of each tradition is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Common Law courts are unifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17) whereas in Civil Law countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“several separate court systems often coexistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Apple, 1994:24). A Civil Law tradition has numerous sets of courts which all have their own judiciary, jurisdiction, procedure and hierarchy (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:15). In addition to this the Civil Law system has a theoretical distinction between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ law and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"privateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ law (Apple, 1994:23). The overall rule is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ordinary courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ deal with private law cas es whereas public law cases have their own separate jurisdictions, specifically, constitutional law and administrative law (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:16), and the courts to deal with public law matters, in contrast with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ordinaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ courts of private law, would be; social security, administrative, commercial, labour, and agriculture courts (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:15). Within the Civil Law tradition verdicts of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ordinary Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can be appealed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appellate Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and above the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appellate Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, at the top of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ordinary Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ stands the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Court of Cassationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:16). The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Court of Cassationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ensures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“uniformity in the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“decides on only questions of law and the interp retation of statutesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:16). This court can also support the decision of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appellate Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or proclaim the decision to be unfitting. Overall, the Civil Law system follows the custom of unique codes for the different areas of the law and favours the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“speciality court systems and speciality courts to deal with constitutional law, criminal law, administrative law, commercial law, and civil or private lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Apple, 1994:37). Whereas, the Common Law tradition favours a combined court system with courts of common jurisdiction available to judge criminal law and most forms of civil law cases (Apple, 1994:37). The Court System of the Common Law tradition appears to be a simpler system to that of the Civil Law tradition because all Common Law courts are unified, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“meaning that there is generally one Appeals Court and one Supreme Court in which any case may be subject t o final scrutinyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17). The distinctive Common Law court system can be seen as a pyramid, with the lowest ranking court at the bottom, working its way to the highest ranking court at the top of the pyramid. The applicable courts to the Common Law system in England and Wales are beginning with the lowest; the Magistrates Court, the County Courts, the Crown Court, the High Court, the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and lastly at the top of the pyramid the European Court of Justice (Gearey, 2012:46). Lately there has been a change in the sense of the development of specialised courts within Common Law for example; Tax, Family Law, Employment, and so on (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17). Overall, the Common Law Court system prefers an integrated system to decide the outcome of criminal and most types of civil cases à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“including those involving Constitutional Law, Administrativ e Law, and Commercial Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Apple, 1994:37). Within each Court systems there are different Justice Actors which are essential in the proceedings within both the Civil Law tradition and the Common Law tradition. The Justice Actorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the Civil Law tradition and the Common Law tradition show another major difference within the two systems. The Civil Law tradition, having a total of ten roles, has more Justice Actors than the Common Law which only has six. The Civil Law Justice Actors are; the sitting judge, the investigating judge, prosecutor, police/judicial police, defence counsel, lawyer/avocat, the victim, jury and lay judges, notary and the academic (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012: 17-22), and the six Justice Actors of Common Law are; judge, police, prosecutor, defence counsel, jury, and the victim (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:22-24). The three main Justice Actors of; the judge, the police, and the jury will be further explored. In the C ivil and Common Law tradition the judge is a vital associate of the courts. A judge within a Common Law system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“is a much more powerful figure than in the Civil Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:23) as previously stated they not only decide the outcome of a case but they create the laws themselves. At trial in a Common Law case it is the duty of the judge to act as a referee between the prosecution and defence. In contrast to a Common Law judge who à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"refereesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cases, the investigating judge in Civil Law traditions is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“responsible for leading the criminal investigation which includes interviewing the accused, the victim and witnesses; and preparing the case file to be passed on to the sitting judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17). A sitting judge is there to hear a Civil Law case in court and it is their job to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“question witnesses, and experts, and calls evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:18). The next role within the systems is the role of the police. In the Civil Law tradition there are particularly selected à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"judicial policeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who help the prosecutor and investigating judge in the criminal investigation. In contrast to the Civil Law tradition, the role of the police in the Common Law system is to conduct the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“initial investigation of a crime, from minor to more serious crimes, without any supervision from a prosecutorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:23). The final Justice Actor within the systems to be explored is the Jury. Juries have always played a major role in Common Law systems and the role of the jury is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to determine à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"beyond a reasonable doubtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ whether the accused person is guilty or innocentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:24). Juries normally only exist in Common Law countries but recently there has been a development of them in Civil Law systems such as France and Belgium (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:21) and the duty of the jury in Civil Law is the same as the Common Law tradition. In what follows, the final component to be described between the Civil and Common Law systems is the way in which a case is conducted within each of the traditions. The procedure of a court case in the Common Law tradition can be described as adversarial whereas in the Civil Law tradition the procedure is described as inquisitorial. The inquisitorial model in Civil Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“aims to attain justice with the composite effort of the prosecutor, the police, the defence lawyer and the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Acharya, 2003:63). On the other hand the adversarial model in Common Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“advocates the supremacy of law, that is equal treatment of law for all segments of societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Acharya, 2003:65), and a crucial part of this system is legal representation fro m both sides. The criminal proceedings for each of the Civil and Common Law traditions go through the same five stages of; investigation, indictment, trial, verdict and sentencing hearing, and lastly appeals, but it is the way in which these stages are conducted that show the differences and the main stage to be further explored is the nature of the trial stage in each tradition. According to Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the Common Law trial contrasts greatly from the Civil Law traditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:29). There are many differences within the trial stages but four main differences within each tradition of the trial stages are; time, central players, witnesses, and evidence. Firstly, a trial within a Common Law country tends to be lengthier than the Civil Law trial because of the requirement of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"live testimoniesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, whereas because the judge in a Civil Law trial can look over the case files prior to the trial starting, it will be a much quicker trial (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:26). The next key difference lies within the central players of the different trials. In the Common Law trial the central players à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“are the prosecutor and the defence counsel while the judge acts like an impartial referee between the twoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:29), but in a Civil Law trial the judge is the central player to find the truth and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“neither the prosecutor nor the defence counsel takes centre-stage in the trialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:26). The third difference to be recognised can be seen when it comes to the witnesses in the trial, and the difference is very simple. In a Common Law trial the prosecution and the defence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“call their own independent experts to make their caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  whereas in a Civil Law trial if expert witnesses are called they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“belong to the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:27). The final difference in the trial stage is when it comes to the evidence of a case. Evidence within a Civil Law trial is much wider than in the Common Law trial because the Civil Law advocates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“free evaluation of evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:27). On the other hand, Common Law is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bound by very complex rules of evidence, and rules for exclusion of certain evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:27). To conclude, this essay has aimed to compare and contrast the Civil Law tradition with the Common Law tradition by giving a brief history on each before exploring the components of; sources of law, court systems, justice actors and the criminal process. It has been found that the one main similarity in the two traditions is safeguarding the public and society but the differences lie within how this is done. Overall, the difference in the sources of law is that Civil Law is codified whereas Common Law is judge-made based law. The next difference lies in the court systems and the Civil Law tradition has several separate court systems in comparison to Common Law which is seen as a unified court system. This third difference can be distinguished from the justice actors in the sense that Civil Law countries have more Justice Actors than a Common Law country and the duties of each of these roles may slightly differ. The final component to show a difference between the Civil and Common Law traditions is the trial stage of the criminal process, and the four main differences lie within time, central players, witnesses and evidence. References Prof. Madhav Prasad Acharya, 2003. The Adversarial v. Inquisitorial Models of Justice.KSL Journal, Vol 1, Pages 63-70. James G Apple, 1995.A Primer on the Civil-law System. 1st Edition. Federal Judicial Center. Joseph Dainow, 1966. The Civil Law and the Common Law: Some Points of Comparison.The American Journa l of Comparative Law, Vol. 15, No. 3, pages 419-435. Harry R Dammer, 2011.Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc. Melanie Davidson, 2014. Court Structures of the Common Law World.The Good Law Guide, Pages 1 59. Professor Thomas Fleiner, 2005. Two Legal Systems.Common Law and Continental Law, Pages 1 34. Adam Gearey, 2012. Common law reasoning and institutions.International Programmes, ., Pages 1-263 Dominik Lengeling, 2008. Differences, reciprocal influences and points of intersection.Common law and civil law, Pages 1 32 Peter O. Nwankwo, 2011.Criminology and Criminal Justice Systems of the World: A Comparative Perspective. Edition. Trafford Publishing. Dr. Vivienne Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012. Common Law and Civil Law Traditions.INPROL, Vol 1, Pages 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 35 Francis Pakes, 2004.Comparative Criminal Justice. Edition. Willan Publishing (UK). Philip L. Reichel, 2012.Comparative Criminal Justice System s: A Topical Approach (6th Edition). 6 Edition. Prentice Hall Shahid M. Shahidullah, 2012.Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: Global and Local Perspectives. 1 Edition. Jones Bartlett Learning Sources of the law legal definition of Sources of the law. 2015.Sources of the law legal definition of Sources of the law. [ONLINE] Available at:https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sources+of+the+law. [Accessed 15 March 2015].

Alice Meynells Classic Essay By the Railway Side

Though born in London, poet, suffragette, critic and essayist ​Alice Meynell  (1847-1922) spent most of her childhood in Italy, the setting for this short travel essay, By the Railway Side. Originally published in The Rhythm of Life and Other Essays (1893), By the Railway Side contains a powerful vignette. In an article titled The Railway Passenger; or, The Training of the Eye, Ana Parejo Vadillo and John Plunkett interpret Meynells brief ​descriptive narrative as an attempt to get rid of what one may call the passengers guilt -- or the transformation of someone elses drama into a spectacle, and the guilt of the passenger as he or she takes the position of the audience, not oblivious to the fact that what is happening is real but both unable and unwilling to act on it (The Railway and Modernity: Time, Space, and the Machine Ensemble, 2007). By the Railway Side by Alice Meynell My train drew near to the Via Reggio platform on a day between two of the harvests of a hot September; the sea was burning blue, and there were a sombreness and a gravity in the very excesses of the sun as his fires brooded deeply over the serried, hardy, shabby, seaside ilex-woods. I had come out of Tuscany and was on my way to the Genovesato: the steep country with its profiles, bay by bay, of successive mountains grey with olive-trees, between the flashes of the Mediterranean and the sky; the country through the which there sounds the twanging Genoese language, a thin Italian mingled with a little Arabic, more Portuguese, and much French. I was regretful at leaving the elastic Tuscan speech, canorous in its vowels set in emphatic Ls and ms and the vigorous soft spring of the double consonants. But as the train arrived its noises were drowned by a voice declaiming in the tongue I was not to hear again for months--good Italian. The voice was so loud that one looked for the audience: Whose ears was it seeking to reach by the violence done to every syllable, and whose feelings would it touch by its insincerity? The tones were insincere, but there was passion behind them; and most often passion acts its own true character poorly, and consciously enough to make good judges think it a mere counterfeit. Hamlet, being a little mad, feigned madness. It is when I am angry that I pretend to be angry, so as to present the truth in an obvious and intelligible form. Thus even before the words were distinguishable it was manifest that they were spoken by a man in serious trouble who had false ideas as to what is convincing in elocution. When the voice became audibly articulate, it proved to be shouting blasphemies from the broad chest of a middle-aged man--an Italian of the type that grows stout and wears whiskers. The man was in bourgeois dress, and he stood with his hat off in front of the small station building, shaking his thick fist at the sky. No one was on the platform with him except the railway officials, who seemed in doubt as to their duties in the matter, and two women. Of one of these there was nothing to remark except her distress. She wept as she stood at the door of the waiting-room. Like the second woman, she wore the dress of the shopkeeping class throughout Europe, with the local black lace veil in place of a bonnet over her hair. It is of the second woman--O unfortunate creature!--that this record is made--a record without sequel, without consequence; but there is nothing to be done in her regard except so to remember her. And thus much I think I owe after having looked, from the midst of the neg ative happiness that is given to so many for a space of years, at some minutes of her despair. She was hanging on the mans arm in her entreaties that he would stop the drama he was enacting. She had wept so hard that her face was disfigured. Across her nose was the dark purple that comes with overpowering fear. Haydon saw it on the face of a woman whose child had just been run over in a London street. I remembered the note in his journal as the woman at Via Reggio, in her intolerable hour, turned her head my way, her sobs lifting it. She was afraid that the man would throw himself under the train. She was afraid that he would be damned for his blasphemies; and as to this her fear was mortal fear. It was horrible, too, that she was humpbacked and a dwarf. Not until the train drew away from the station did we lose the clamour. No one had tried to silence the man or to soothe the womans horror. But has any one who saw it forgotten her face? To me for the rest of the day it was a sensible rather than a merely mental image. Constantly a red blur rose before my eyes for a background, and against it appeared the dwarfs head, lifted with sobs, under the provincial black lace veil. And at night what emphasis it gained on the boundaries of sleep! Close to my hotel there was a roofless theatre crammed with people, where they were giving Offenbach. The operas of Offenbach still exist in Italy, and the little town was placarded with announcements of La Bella Elena. The peculiar vulgar rhythm of the music jigged audibly through half the hot night, and the clapping of the towns-folk filled all its pauses. But the persistent noise did but accompany, for me, the persistent vision of those three figures at the Via Reggio station in the profound sunshi ne of the day.