Solving Problems and Making Decisions †Free Sample Solution

Questions: 1. How To Describe A Problem, Its Nature, Scope And Impact?2. How To Gather And Interpret Information To Solve A Problem?3. How To Evaluate Options To Make A Decision?4. How To Plan, Monitor And Review The Implementation And Communication Of Decisions? Answers: 1. Attrition Attrition can be referred to as the voluntary and involuntary shrinkage in the number of employees working in an organization (Nalila, 2012). It creates a vacuum space when trained employees leave an organization taking the key skills, knowledge and business relationships with them. The problem of attrition is faced by companies across various sectors and it becomes a managers day to day task to reduce employee turnover. Some of the major costs associated to increased turnover are an increase in the cost of training, learning time for a new employee, inefficiency, revenue and productivity loss (Shashikala Ravindra, 2013). It is important to control attrition because when an employee leaves an organization, it indicates a clue about chances for high employee turnover in future impacting job satisfaction, employee engagement and also organizations ability for attracting talented people in the firm (Arokiasamy, 2013). 2. Reasons and Solutions to Attrition Behind every problem there exists a reason for its cause. According to Garner (2008), the major five factors that lead to attrition are people and communication, various work assignments that are allotted to them, lack of career opportunities, the infrastructure of the company the compensation offered to them, and the nature of the company itself. According to Griffith et.al (2000), there is a direct relationship between the job satisfaction and organizational commitment. An employee should be selected in to the firm through true recruitment practices, how they are managed, lack of appreciation at work place and even absence of a true compensation system. Good workers often tend to leave their jobs because of occupational stress (Ongori, 2007) The situation of the economy and the opportunities for getting new jobs are also highly influential on employees decision making (Arokiasamy, 2013). There is a change in the lifestyle and environment of preferred by the employees. Monotony does not please them and try to break away from a monotonous job, where as management in most cases treats them as commodities, trying to make a person work for two. Increased opportunities and expectations decrease loyalty among the employees (Lalitha, 2012). Source: (Naila, 2012) When the special case of UAE is considered, employee burnout is one of the major problems detected by the employers. About 63% of the directors cite that workload is a major reason for employee burnout. They also have a problem with long working hours/overtime (57%), economic pressures (37%), and lack of ability to handle both professional and personal commitments (33%), lack of recognition (29%), higher and unachievable expectations (28%), operational inefficiencies (21%), bad relationship with colleagues and managers (12%), and lack of a departmental strategy and clear and defined business (8%) (Perotte, 2012). It is a fact that the directors do not have direct control over the attrition rate in a given company. But according to Perrotte (2012), there are certain warning signs that may indicate the chances of rise in the attrition rate including coming late frequently for work, becoming less productive, disagreeing with the managers and colleagues more frequently, becoming disconnected from work, increase in leaves, and outbursts in company that are both negative and emotional. It is extremely important to take make efficient strategies to reduce attrition in a given organization. Some of the effective retention strategies involve change in practices of hiring, proper branding of the employer, managing talents, proper employee engagement practices, and conducting an exit interview to understand the reasons behind the employee leaving the company (Lalitha, 2012). Fulfilling different levels in the Maslows hierarchy by satisfying various needs of the employees in different levels will help to contain attrition. The basic needs that can be fulfilled are physiological needs, safety needs, needs of love, affection and belongingness, need for esteem, and then self actualization (Maslow, 2013). According to Negi (2013), the organization should have a corporate social responsibility towards the employees and should implement the Hertzbergs two factor theory concentrating on both motivators and hygiene factors. Managers should be trained to use their emotional intelligence to control ones emotions and then channelize energies and potentials, in a positive direction so that there will be enhanced productivity in an organization (Negi, 2013). Attrition is now a major issue that is faced by organizations across various spheres. To conclude the reason for attrition, it can be said that attrition is a result of the non-fulfillment of the needs and expectations of the employees. This need varies from employee to employee and the managers in a firm should be proficient enough and given adequate resources to analyze, understand and make decisions depending on the nature of the group he/she is guiding. 3. Decision Making Techniques Tackling voluntary turnover is essential and for this Allen (2006) has come up with a voluntary turnover model to understand the process of voluntary attrition. When there are attractive options for the employees in comparison to where they work, employee satisfaction becomes a major issue especially those who are highly valued and are in demand. Source: (Allen, 2006) Considering the turnover path in an organization, it can be four types including dissatisfaction, better alternatives, plans and no plans (Allen, 2006). Companies should form different strategies to retain then. Following table represents strategies that can be undertaken for different turnover pathways. Source: (Allen, 2008) Decision making plays an important role in retaining the employees. Planning to control turnover rates in an organization should start from portraying the image of a good employer, recruitment of the right resourceful employees into the organization, training and developing them according to the culture of the organization, talent management process, proper succession planning, and in case the employee still leaves exit interview to use the information to further improve the procedures. This requires a retention management plan on the basis of which decision should be taken. Following figure demonstrates a retention management plan. Source: (Allen, 2008) 4. Communication to the employees Retention of the employees can be easily controlled by organizations through embedding them into organizations using socialization (Allen, 2006). This is because there are chances that some special organizational and individual factors will have an influence on organizational commitment and job satisfaction that usually initiates withdrawal (Allen et.al, 2010). Following are some of the communication strategies for embedding employees into an organization. Source: (Allen, 2008). Following is a model that is required for planning and communicating a retention plan. Source: (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 2008) The importance of succession planning cannot be overstressed in any given organization. This is a continuous process and the following figure depicts the process of communication in succession planning. Succession planning ensures that the organization will be planned enough to deal with emergency layoffs and resignations. Following figure represents various stages in succession planning. Source: (opm, 2005) Communication is essential in an organization to make sure that there is a balance between the expectations of the employees and the employers. This process of communication is divided among various hierarchies across departments to ensure proper tests, interviews, tests, and surveys are attended to on time by the employees. Evaluation of the success of the retention program The success in the program that is adopted by the company can be analyzed through the reduction in the attrition rate. The formulae for attrition rate is ((no. of attrition*100)/ (Actual Employees+ New joined))/100 (Naila, 2012). A decrease in this rate represents reduction in the employee turnover rate of the company. Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that attrition is a problem that is faced by organization across different industries. Though employees are different from each other, their needs are categorized into categories by researchers. Being sensitive to the employees and offering them an array of opportunities helps management to retain them and keep their talent pool intact. References 1. Allen, D. G. (2006). Do organizational socialization tactics influence newcomer embeddedness and turn over. Journal of management, 32. 237-256. 2. Allen, D. G. (2008). Retaining Talent: A Guide to analyzing and managing employee turnover. SHRM foundation effective guidelines Series, 1-43. 3. Allen, D. G. (2010). Retaining talent: replacing misconceptions with evidence based strategies. Academy of management perspectives. Available from https://misweb.cbi.msstate.edu/~COBI/faculty/users/jvardaman/files/files/AllenAMP.pdf. 4. Arokiasamy, A. R. R. (2013). A qualitative study on causes and effects of employee turnover in the private sector in Malaysia. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 16(11), p.1513-1541. 5. DeCenzo, D. A. Robbins, S. P. (2005). Fundamentals of human resource management. John Wiley and Sons. 6. Garner, G. (2008). Five attrition factors and what you can do about them. National society of professional engineers. Available from https://www.asmeconferences.org/gemc10/may08AttritionFactorsandRetentionStrategies.pdf. 7. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2008). Developing an integrated talent management: A human resource management framework. Available from https://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/exec/hrs/publications/developing_an_integrated_talent_management_program.pdf. 8. Griffeth, R. W. et.al. (2000). Meta analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), p.464-468. 9. Lalitha, C. (2012). Managing employee attrition-The HR role and challenge. International Journal of research in management, economics and commerce. 2(11), p.262-267. 10. Maslow, A. H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Rough Draft Printing. 11. Naila, I. (2012). Analyzing causes of attrition rate and giving the solution through Maslows hierarchy of need in BPO Industry. Commerce and Management, 1(4), p.1-14. Available from https://www.rgcresearchjournal.org/volume-I,issues-IV,October-December2012/commerceandmgt/ANALYZINGCAUSESOFATTRITIONRATEANDGIVINGTHESOLUTION.pdf. 12. Ongori, H. (2007). A Review of Literature on Employee turnover. African Journal of Business management, 1(3), p.49-54. 13. (2005). Succession planning process. Available from https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/human-capital-management/reference-materials/leadership-knowledge-management/successionplanning.pdf. 14. Perrotte, K. (2012). Four in 10 HR Cite employee burnout a common occurrence in UAE companies. Available from https://www.roberthalf.ae/EMEA/Dubai/News%20and%20Press/Documents/UAE-Employee-Burnout-Feb-2013.pdf. 15. Shashikala, S. Ravindra, S. (2013). A study on causes and control techniques for attrition rate in Indian Industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Research, 2(4), p.1-8.

The People of Egypt

Lane’s interest in understanding the people of Egypt was demonstrated in his detailed work on this country and the ancient society that existed when this dynasty ruled the region.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The People of Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book, Description of Egypt was based on his diary that he made on the facts that he collected about this country during his voyage. He starts by describing the harbors, and Alexandria City. From his description, Lane tries to figure out the strategic location of this city the ancient trade and other overseas activities that took place along this route. Lane then moved from Alexandria to the famous Nile. He wanted to compare what was written in historic books and the actual geographic structure of this country. He even tries to give a physical sketch of the country based on what he was able to observe. The book then describes the topo graphical structure of Musr, currently known as Cairo. He found it interesting comparing the historical topography of this region, and what had been written in historical books. He marveled at the size of the city and the beauty of its environs. Lane gave a detailed analysis of the Egyptian Moos’lim Dynasties as they were recorded in some of the artifacts that were available within this society. He was attracted to the Mohham’mad Al’ee’s history, especially after the departure of French forces from this region. According to this book, Egyptians were generally organized people who lived in a society that had centrally focused on their pharaoh as the supreme authority. The book shows that life during the ancient times was based on town. Although people practiced farming and other economic activities, majority of members of this kingdom lived in the two large cities of Cairo and Alexandria. The two cities were strategically located from the deep harbors, and this made it possible to detect and repel any of the external forces that would try to attack the kingdom. In such towns, the society had a clear administrative structure. As demonstrated in this book, members of the society had a clear hierarchy that had to be observed by all other members of the society. Lane observes that this society had a clear administrative structure with the pharaoh as the final authority. There were other ranks from pharaoh, with each rank having specific objectives and authorities (Lane 78). The Egyptian pyramids was another factor that Lane’s book gave a detailed account on as a way of clarifying the social structure of this country. This book gave a detailed focus on the Pyramid of El-Gee’zeh and the Pyramid of Ab’oo Seer. In his analysis, Lane was concerned of collecting some historical facts about this country and the social structure of its people. Lane describes the visit he made to these sites, and some of the remains that were collected from the sites.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is revealed in this book that the pyramids were used as tombs for pharaohs. The book depicts the Egyptian pharaoh as a demigod who was considered to have supernormal powers. The society believed that pharaohs were able to overcome death after some time. For this reason, they constructed the pyramids as places where pharaohs would be placed upon their death. The pyramids acted as their house when they died. Pharaoh would be buried into the pyramids with all the servants. At this point, there is a mixed reaction in the mind of Lane as presented in this book. While he admired the architectural work that was involved in coming up with the pyramids, he is actually amazed at the fact that living human beings would be buried with the dead king in order to be able to offer him any service he would ‘need’. The book gives an idea that the country did not consider slaves as normal human beings with feelings that any person could have. This is one of the reasons why they were buried together with the pharaohs when he died. This is supported by some of the historical facts that Lane was able to gather about Egypt and the ancient Egyptians. This book also tells about the Nubians. According to this book, Lane notes that Nubians are some of the native inhabitants of the ancient Egypt, especially the southern region that borders Sudan. The ancient Nubians were hunters and gatherers. They also kept animals such as cows and goats. Although they did not have a clearly defined social system, the Nubians had some form of political system, with leaders also seen as the religious heads. However, the strong Egyptian army pushed them further down the border. Most of them were taken to Egypt as slaves. However, as the power of the Egyptian empire subsided, the Nubians community was restricted once again. T he book also described changes that took place among this community over the years, to the modern day Nubians who value agriculture and cattle keeping (Lane 112). The book analyzes the origin of civilization in Egypt. The book acknowledges that Egypt could be the cradle land of civilization. Hieroglyphics that were used in this ancient kingdom was a sign of a society that was changing to modernity. The book also talks about religion and law in this country. Although the political leadership was seen to be different from religious leadership in this kingdom, Pharaoh was considered the overall head of the society and his decision was considered as a law that had to be obeyed by everyone. The book looks at the mannerism of members of this society and some of their customs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The People of Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As noted in this book, customs and culture in this society was consistently changing with the changes taking place in the society due to its exposure to the outside world. The book looks at some of the economic activities that were practiced by Egyptians during this period. The book also looks at the emergence of agriculture in this society. Conclusion The book’s, ‘Description of Egypt’ by Edward Lane gives a detailed focus of the ancient Egyptian society. The book analyzes some of the geographical facts about this country, and then analyzes the social and political structure of these people. The book tries to compare the evidence Lane collected and some of the historical information that had existed before. The book analyzes some of the indigenous people of Egypt, especially the Nubians. Lane then brings to focus the gradual change of the society members to modernity. The book analyzes the socio-economic and political structure of the society before, during and after the transition. As the book demonstrates, th e society in Egypt went through a series of transition to become what it is today. Works Cited Lane, Edward. Description of Egypt: Notes and Views in Egypt and Nubia, Made During the Years 1825, 26, 27, and 28; Chiefly Consisting of a Series of Descriptions and Delineations of the Monuments, Scenery C. of Those Countries. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2000. Print. This research paper on The People of Egypt was written and submitted by user Jagger Solomon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Can An Experiential Essay Sample Help You?

How Can An Experiential Essay Sample Help You?There are many sites online that offer a variety of Experiential Essay Sample online. However, not all sites are created equal. They will vary greatly in terms of quality, content and presentation of the content and interactivity.There are a variety of reasons for these variation in the topic and format of the material. Some sites are created by experts in the field of education who have undergone certain testing or are recognized as experts in the field of education. Often these sites have a high quantity of samples to choose from and are better suited for those who are serious about their education. Others come from non-educational sources who want to market their educational products.Those who are interested in an education or degree program can get the most benefit from such sites. They tend to give a variety of sample essays and samples. They help students focus on a specific issue and discover the different areas in which they can a dd their unique abilities.What's so great about an Experiential Essay Sample is that they are considered one of the best places online to find specific writing samples. The general rule is that people will only look at the material that has already been used in class. However, you may find something in the course syllabus that is different than what your professor or tutors have provided. In that case, it would be a good idea to try it out.To give you an example, you can get a sample experiences or lessons from the professors or tutors who have really gained from the experience. For example, there may be a particular group of topics that may be taught differently from your professor. The other option would be to read the assignments that are given in class. You may also be able to come up with your own ideas for writing the assignment and test your skills in writing the assignment yourself.These Experiential Essay Sample may also be great for people who are interested in a particula r subject and are interested in having a more in depth experience. This can be a place to do research. You could even take a few courses from the learning centers. If you have a passion for the subject and think that this is where you belong, you may want to try to see if you can find the best teacher there. Another advantage is that you might even find a place where you can learn how to write a thesis or dissertation.Another great advantage of an Experiential Essay Sample is that it helps you learn how to write well. It can help you to get a better command over how to organize your thoughts and how to present them in a clear, concise way. The key to getting through college is to become more organized. You can do this by using this Writing Lab.

Abbe Sieyes essays

Abbe Sieyes essays Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, better known as Abbe Sieyes, is considered by some scholars, the leader of the early Revolution in France; however, others consider him a selfish, jealous man. No matter what one believes, there are some indisputable facts about Abbe Sieyes. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes was born on May 3rd, 1748 in Frejus. His father was a postmaster and collector of king's dues, while his mother was connected to the lower ranks of nobility. Sieyes' parents gave him the best education they could afford, first at home under a tutor, then in the Jesuits' College at Frejus. Most graduates of the college attended military academies and Sieyes expected the same, but was forced into a different occupation. Emmanuel's parents pushed him into Holy Orders in the hope that he would support the family, especially his two brothers. The Bishop of Frejus was a family friend and helped Emmanuel's parents send him to Paris to study at the Seminary of St. Sulpice. His studies lasted for ten years and he was ordained a priest in 1773. Two years after his ordination, Abbe Sieyes became secretary to the Bishop of Treguier. His advancement in the priesthood was hindered of course, because he came from a middle-class family that lacked nobility. Then in 1784, he became vicar general and chancellor to the Bishop of Chartres. Abbe Sieyes then became a member of the Provincial Assembly of Orleans in 1787. When the Estates General was called in late 1788, Abbe Sieyes wrote his most famous pamphlet, Qu'est-ce que le Tiers Etat? "What is the Third Estate?" With its publishing in January 1789, Sieyes became a prominent figure at the Estates General. On June 12, 1789, Sieyes brought about the vote to allow the privileged to join the Third. Then on June 17, he brought about the vote that transformed the Third into the National Assembly. One year later, Sieyes was voted president of the Assembly and of the Jacobian Club. During the next three y...

Famous Quotes from Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman

Famous Quotes from Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the titular character in Death of a Salesman, spent his whole life pursuing what he thought was the American Dream. The play deals with themes of reality and illusion as a family struggles to define their dreams. It is one of Arthur Millers most famous plays and brought  him international acclaim. In 1949, Miller won the Pulitzer  Prize for Drama for this controversial play.    Quotes From Death of a Salesman Im the New England man. Im vital in New England. (Act 1)Hes liked, but hes not well liked. (Act 1)The man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. (Act 1)The man knew what he wanted and went out and got it! Walked into a jungle and comes out, the age of 21, and hes rich! (Act 1)I dont say hes a great man. Willie Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. Hes not the finest character that ever lived. But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. Hes not to be allowed to fall in his grave like an old dog. Attention, attention must finally be paid to such a person. (Act 1)A small man can be just as exhausted as a great man. (Act 1)Before its all over were gonna get a little place out in the country, and Ill raise some vegetables, a couple of chickens... (Act 2)You cant eat the orange and throw the peel away - a man is not a piece of fruit. Act 2 After all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive. (Act 2)I realized what a ridiculous lie my whole life has been. Act 2Ive got to get some seeds. Ive got to get some seeds, right away. Nothings planted. I dont have a thing in the ground. (Act 2)Biff: Pop! Im a dime a dozen, and so are you!Willy: I am not a dime a dozen! I am Willy Loman, and you are Biff Loman! Act 2Im gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. Its the only dream you can have - to come out No. 1 man. He fought it out here, and this is where Im gonna win it for him. (Act 2)

Outline and discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as means of Essay

Outline and discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as means of valuing securities and their risk. What are the drawbacks - Essay Example Thus each firm has to bear the cost of debt and cost of equity. These costs are calculated through various financial models designed to give an accurate analysis of the costs the firms have to bear. There are three models used by analysts and firms to calculate their cost of capital; the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Dividend Valuation Model and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory. The focus of this report is the CAPM model and a comparison between this model and the Dividend Valuation Model. â€Å"The capital asset pricing model attributable to Sharpe (1964) is a cornerstone of modern financial theory and originates from the analysis of the cost of capital.† (Chouodary 2004) this market model encompasses the concept of risk and comes under the domain of risk premium market models. This model takes into account the risks borne by the investor for investing in the securities. When an investor puts his money in any security he faces many risks ranging from liquidity to inflat ion etc. The underlying principle of the capital asset pricing model is that investors want to be compensated for bearing the risk in the form of extra return. This extra return is over and above the risk free rate as risk free securities have no risk due to their guaranteed nature. All government securities are risk free as the government will pay back all its investors and there is no default involved in this case. Thus, before actually giving you the CAPM equation one needs to understand the logic of risk and return i.e. the concepts that make up the component of the CAPM equation. Risk and return valuations are the most important part of investment decisions. The risk and return go proportionately with each other i.e. greater the risk greater will be the return. Deriving from the basics an expected return is the mean of the probability distribution of possible future returns. ‘The expected return on an investment is the average return from the investment and is calculated as the probability weighted sum of all potential returns.’(Rao, 1989) The concept of risk and return arises due to the uncertainty of future outcomes. The underlying factor here is that the actual return received may be different from the expected return, thus generating risk for the investors. All financial assets produce cash flows and the riskiness of these assets is derived from the riskiness of these cash flows. An asset considered in isolation carries stand-alone risk and is considered to be less risky as compared to when it is held in a portfolio. In a portfolio, assets with different expected return are grouped together. The risk of the portfolio is divided into two parts: diversifiable risk and market risk. The diversifiable risk is the one that can be eliminated and therefore this type of risk is not accounted for in the risk computation. The risk that the investors are really interested in calculating is the market risk (the non-diversifiable risk) i.e. the relevan t risk which arises from the broad market movements. The measures of the risk are variance and standard deviation. The variance of a stock can be calculated using the below formula provided the required rate of return is given: N Var(R) = ?2 = ? pi(Ri – E[R])2 i=1 Where: N = the number of states pi = the probability of state i Ri = the return on the stock in state i E[R] = the expected return on the stock The positive square root of variance is standards deviation which

Astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Astronomy - Essay Example Technical terms are broken down for novice astronomers, more advanced issues can be found for individuals that yearn for more technical knowledge, and everyone can enjoy vivid pictures of the space shuttle, planets, moons, stars, and more. Overall this website could be given the grade of an A+. Educators and students have links on the NASA website. Educators can find classroom materials to use in their classes. Students can find help for their assignments about space related issues. All ages of students can use myNASA to bookmark articles of concern. These services are provided for free. The enormous knowledge of NASA is shared through these tools. The information is vast. Everything from the first moon landing to images from the Hubble is provided by this website. An opportunity for students to watch astronauts on the space station, shuttle lift offs, and images of the earth from orbiting satellites is available. Overall this is a very informational site for educators and students. Employees and policymakers (congressmen) can also access this website. A calendar, expense report, and general accounting for operations can be found under this link. The media has a link for questions about NASA operations, press passes, and events. Employees can view videos not available to the public. Policies are explained. For example, one article â€Å"NASA Hazard and Safety Reporting† directs â€Å"If you see a situation that might result in a death or injury or damage to equipment or property, report it! All reports will receive prompt and thorough attention† (NASA.com). A login for NASA employees is also found at this link. NASA also features a news and mission link. All of the latest news and news on the shuttles is found at these links. Pictures from the Hubble telescope, reports about the finding of water on the moon, and the latest videos are available at the news link. In the news this week, NASA the Atlantis launch is scheduled for